广西喀斯特次生林地表碳库和养分库特征及季节动态

以自然保护区原生林为对照,调查了广西喀斯特区处于同一次生演替序列中的灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛3个群落的地表凋落物存量,同时对凋落物层和土壤表层(0-5 cm)的有机碳,全氮、磷、钾等养分元素的含量、贮量状态及其雨季前后的变化进行了研究.结果表明:地表凋落物存量及有机碳、全氮贮量随演替阶段上升均呈增高趋势;除全磷外,土壤的有机碳和养分元素含量与凋落物层贮量相关性显著(p<0.05);雨季期间,凋落物迅速分解,地表凋落物的分解量要大于当季凋落量,并且次生林的凋落物分解与养分释放量显著高于原生林;雨季后,各群落有机碳和养分的凋落物层贮量以及土壤含量均有所降低.其中凋落物层贮量下降显著的是藤刺灌丛与乔灌丛.土壤养分含量则在灌丛与原生林阶段下降更为明显.在从灌丛向顶级群落演替的进程中,森林的自养能力可能存在一个先增高再降低的过程.     

乌兹别克斯坦表层土壤元素含量与空间结构特征初步分析

基于经典统计学和地统计学方法对乌兹别克斯坦表层土壤元素的组成和空间特征进行了研究。首先对土壤元素含量平均值、变异系数等特征进行了计算,比较了土壤元素含量特征。乌兹别克斯坦表层土壤Ca、Na、Mg等化学活动性元素的含量以及Co、Be、K、Zn等元素的含量偏高,而Al、Fe等其余元素含量相较于世界土壤中值偏低,变异系数也较小。元素含量的聚类分析表明,Ca、Sr、Mg、Na等化学活动性元素和Al、Fe等其他元素的特征差异较大。在此基础上,运用Gs+软件对乌兹别克斯坦土壤表层元素含量的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明:土壤中Al、Fe、Be、K、Ti等元素具有强烈的空间自相关性;Cu、Pb、Zn、P等元素的空间结构显然已受到一些施肥、污灌、工农业生产等小尺度因素的影响,但整体上还没有达到破坏其原有空间格局的程度。化学活动性元素Ca和Sr除受土壤母质的影响外,还受到一定程度的局部随机因素的影响,在抽样尺度下没有空间相关性。另外,采用瑞典科学家Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态危害性进行了初步评价,乌兹别克斯坦土壤表层元素重金属Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害程度均为轻微,其中Zn和Cu危害程度最高,这与当地的社会经济发展状况一致。     

紫花苜蓿对草炭改良露天矿表土替代材料的响应

为探讨添加草炭对露天矿表土替代材料的改良效果,以紫花苜蓿为试材,草炭为改良剂,研究了草炭添加量分别为0、10、30、50 g·kg-1（干土）与表土替代材料配合施用对紫花苜蓿生长性能及抗逆性能的影响。试验结果显示,添加草炭对紫花苜蓿生长期内的株高、生长率、生物量、叶片SPAD值、叶片的细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性及可溶性蛋白含量等指标均有显著影响（P<0.05）。草炭施用量为10 g·kg-1（干土）时,紫花苜蓿的株高、生长率、地上及地下部分     

Differential hydrological response of biological topsoil crusts along a rainfall gradient in a sandy arid area: Northern Negev desert,Israel

Drylands are regarded as highly sensitive to climatic change. The putative positive relationship between average annual rainfall and runoff, assumed for areas between 100 and 300 mm ignores the fact that climatic change in drylands is not limited to climatic factors alone, but is often accompanied by a parallel change in surface properties. Data on rainfall, runoff and soil moisture regime were collected at five monitoring sites in a sandy area, along a rainfall gradient from 86 to 160 mm. Despite the uniform sandy substratum the frequency and magnitude of runoff declined with increasing annual rainfall. Under wetter conditions a thick topsoil biological crust develops. This crust is able to absorb and retain large rain amounts, limiting the depth to which water can penetrate, and therefore water availability for the perennial vegetation. In the drier area, the thin crust can absorb only limited rain amounts, resulting in surface runoff and deeper water infiltration at run-on areas. Our findings demonstrate the important role played by different types of biological soil crusts along the rainfall gradient considered, and question the generally held belief that higher rainfall necessarily leads to deeper water infiltration in sandy arid areas; and higher water availability for the perennial vegetation.     

蓝桉在磷矿剥离浮土上造林试验简报

近年来,国内外十分重视矿山绿化造林,但在矿山剥离浮土上造林成功的例子很少。海口林场在中宝马头箐磷矿剥离浮土上种植蓝桉,一年郁闭,长势良好,有效地控制了水土流失。实践证明,造林行之有效。现将试验结果简报如下。试验点位于昆明市海口林场中宝马头箐磷矿。试验点所在地区气候温和,夏季雨水集中,无酷暑,冬季干燥,无严寒,干湿季分明。海拔1935米,母岩为蛇纹岩,土壤为山地黄红壤,浮土厚3～4米,含沙量约30％,肥力较低,生长着极少量的蒿类植物。     

施磷对陇中黄土高原春小麦耕层土壤磷组分及有效性的影响

利用2017年设置在定西市李家堡镇麻子川村的长期定位施肥试验,设置4个施磷水平:P1(0 kg·hm~(-2))、P2(75 kg·hm~(-2))、P3(115 kg·hm~(-2))、P4(190 kg·hm~(-2)),测定收获后耕层土壤(0～20 cm)无机磷组分(Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P)、有机磷组分(LOP、MLOP、MROP、HROP)。研究结果表明:土壤磷组分含量变化顺序为Ca_(10)-P Ca_8-P MLOP O-P HROP Fe-P Al-P Ca_2-P MROP LOP。随着施磷量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、O-P、LOP、MLOP、MROP、HROP、有效磷、全磷含量增加,增幅为8.41%～56.95%;Al-P、Fe-P、Ca_(10)-P含量先增加后降低,最大值分别为43.45(P2)、37.64(P2)、341.63(P3)mg·kg~(-1),最小值分别为28.63、33.06、321.96 mg·kg~(-1)。随着施磷量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P和MLOP占比增加,增幅分别为28.00%、24.46%、6.37%;Al-P、LOP先分别增加至6.00%(P2)、2.67%(P2)后减小至4.31%(P4)、2.11%(P4);Fe-P、Ca_(10)-P、MROP、HROP减小,减幅分别为5.75%、12.64%、21.37%、6.75%;O-P由9.17%(P1)先减小至8.08%(P3)之后增加至8.80%(P4);PAC(磷活化系数)增加,增幅最大为26.40%(P4);无机磷占全磷的相对含量和无机磷与有机磷之比先增大后减小,分别由增幅的80.41%、4.10%减小至76.32%、3.21%,有机磷占全磷的相对含量先减小至19.59%后增加至23.75%。土壤磷形态对有效磷的直接影响大小顺序为:Ca_8-PCa_2-PMLOPLOPHROPMROPFe-PAl-PO-PCa_(10)-P。相关分析和逐步回归结果表明,Ca_2-P是陇中黄土高原春小麦农田土壤有效磷的最主要磷源,长期施磷肥主要通过提高可供作物直接利用的Ca_2-P、LOP和具有缓效作用的Ca_8-P、Al-P、MLOP比例,降低土壤中难溶性Fe-P、O-P、Ca_(10)-P、MROP、HROP的比例从而增加有效磷的含量,进而提升了土壤潜在供磷能力。     

Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

Multivariate analysis of toxicological and environmental properties of soil nematicides

BACKGROUND: In intensive agriculture, the use of pesticides and soil fumigants is necessary to produce economically viable crops worldwide. However, this practice may involve undesirable effects on human health and the environment. In 1995, methyl bromide was restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of possible ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to compare intrinsic environmental and toxicological properties of 11 active substances with nematicidal properties, some of them recognized as methyl bromide alternatives. RESULTS: Four groups of active substances were discriminated by a series of principal component analyses (PCAs): (a) high toxicity to non-target fauna, humans and animals and medium persistence in the environment (cadusafos, ethoprophos and fenamiphos); (b) high toxicity to humans, animals and non-target fauna and high persistence (carbofuran and fosthiazate); (c) low toxicity to non-target fauna, humans and animals and low persistence (carbosulfan, benfuracarb and oxamyl); (d) low toxicity to humans, animals and non-target fauna and medium persistence in the environment (1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin and methyl bromide). CONCLUSION: Evaluating the multiple aspects of toxicological and environmental properties of active substances through PCA is proposed as a helpful tool for initially comparing the complex toxicological behaviour of active substances as plant protection products.     

丘陵区水稻土Cu污染空间变异的协同克里格分析

针对丘陵红壤区铜冶炼厂周围水稻土污染区(1.40 km2),在景观尺度上,采用协同克里格方法,研究了影响表层土壤Cu含量空间分布预测的辅助因子.基于空间自相关性、间距、长轴方位角以及各种预测误差,评价了辅助变量(包括秸秆全Cu含量StrawCu、籽粒全Cu含量GrainCu、土壤全Cd含量Cd、土壤pH、土壤有机质OM、高程H)对表层土壤Cu含量分布预测精度的影响.结果表明,单辅助变量的协同克里格预测值与实测值相关系数的大小顺序为Cu/Cd＞Cu/H＞Cu/StrawCu＞Cu/GrainCu＞Cu/OM、Cu/pH,而多辅助变量协同克里格预测的相关系数大小顺序为Cu/(Cd,StrawCu)＞Cu/(Cd,StrawCu,H)＞Cu/(Cd,StrawCu,GrainCu)＞Cu/(StrawCu,GrainCu)＞Cu/(Cd,H).与土壤全Cu含量的普通克里格插值精度相比,利用表层土壤全Cd含量、水稻秸秆全Cu含量、高程作为辅助变量与水稻土表层全Cu含量进行协同克里格插值可以显著提高预测精度;但水稻籽粒全Cu含量作为辅助变量对预测精度影响不显著;而土壤有机质含量和土壤pH作为辅助变量反而降低了预测精度.在对表层土壤全Cu含量分布的多辅助变量协同克里格预测中,表层土壤全Cd含量和水稻秸秆全Cu含量的影响最大,其次是高程,水稻籽粒全Cu含量不能提高对表层土壤全Cu含量分布的预测精度.     

土壤容许流失量研究的进展与趋势

概述了国内外土壤容许流失量（Ｔ值）研究的历史、目前研究的现状和未来的发展趋势,对Ｔ值研究的主要内容如成土速度、土壤养分流失、泥沙淤积损失、土壤流失与土地生产力的关系、保护沟道侵蚀的重要性等做了讲述。介绍了Ｔ值的数学表达和不同国家的Ｔ值标准,阐述了进行Ｔ值双值性研究的必要性,并对Ｔ值研究中存在的问题进行了分析。